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Early Childhood Development Ratings and Data

A description of the Early Childhood Development scoring methodology and the meaning of categorical ratings displayed below are available in evidence-based frameworks.

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	Malawi Country Report 2015
Establishing an Enabling Environment	Emerging
Legal Framework	Emerging
	Malawi
Do national laws and regulations promote healthcare for pregnant women?
Is there a policy that guarantees pregnant women free antenatal visits and skilled delivery?	Both free antenatal visits and skilled delivery
Are standard health screenings provided for HIV and STDs for pregnant women?	Yes
Do national laws and regulations promote healthcare young children?
Are young children required to receive a complete course of childhood immunizations?	Yes
Are young children required to have well-child visits?	Yes
Do national laws and regulations promote appropriate dietary consumption by pregnant women and young children?
Do national laws comply with the International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes?	Many provisions law or law
Does a national policy to encourage salt iodization exist (or has it ever existed)?	Mandatory
Does a national policy to promote the fortification of cereals/staples with iron exist (or has it ever existed)?	Voluntary
To what extent do policies protect pregnant women and new mothers, and promote opportunities for parents/caregivers to provide care to newborns and infants in their first year of life?
Are parents/caregivers guaranteed paid parental leave following child birth?	Less than 3 months with no pay
Are women guaranteed job protection and non-discrimination, breastfeeding breaks and breastfeeding facilities in accordance with the ILO Maternity Protection Convention?	Some guidelines are followed
Does the education law mandate the provision of free preprimary education before primary school entry?	Less than one school year
To what extent have child protection policies and services been established?
Is there a policy mandating the registration of children at birth?	Yes
Does the government promote the reduction of family violence? [5]	No
Does the national judicial system provide the following specific protection interventions to young children: provision of training for judges, lawyers, law enforcement officers, and establishment of specialized courts and child advocacy body?	1 to 2 select services provided
To what extent have social protection policies and services been established?
Is there a policy to provide orphans and vulnerable children with a range of ECD services	Policy exists and services provided within one sector
Are there laws in place to protect the rights of children with disabilities and promote their participation and access to ECD services, including healthcare and ECCE?	Legal right to services within one sector
Inter-sectoral Coordination	Established
	Malawi
Does the government have an explicitly-stated multi-sectoral ECD strategy?	ECD strategy including 3-4 sectors and an implementation plan that is costed.
Has an institutional anchor been established to coordinate ECD across sectors?	Yes and staff officially appointed
To what extent are interventions coordinated at the point of service delivery to ensure that children receive integrated services?
Are there any regular coordination meetings between the different implementing actors at the sub-national level?	Infrequent coordination meetings
Is there any integrated service delivery manual/guideline (i.e. any sort of common plan of action)?	Yes
Is there a mechanism for collaboration between state and non-state stakeholders?	There are strong coordination mechanisms
Finance	Emerging
	Malawi
Is there a transparent budget process?
To what extent does the budget use explicit criteria at the national or sub-national level to decide ECD spending (i.e. number of students or teaching positions, student characteristics, such as gender, socio-economic status or special needs, geographi	No Criteria
To what extent is determining the budget a coordinated effort across ministries?	Joint budget planning sessions that include 1 to 2 sectors
Can the government accurately report public ECD expenditures?	No
Is the level of ECD finance adequate to meet the needs of the population?
What percentage of the annual education budget is allocated towards preprimary education?	Less than 1%
What percentage of routine EPI vaccines is financed by government?	N/A
Is the burden of finance equitably distributed across various segments of society?
According to policy, what types of fees are levied for ECD services? (ECCE tuition, ECCE matriculation, labor and delivery, immunization, well-child visits, diarrhea treatment, tuberculosis, antenatal care, ITN and malaria treatment)	0 to 3 types of fees
What is the level of out of pocket expenditures as a percentage of total health expenditures?	Less than 15%
What is the level of remuneration for ECD service personnel?
Is the remuneration for preprimary teachers entering the field competitive?	Less than 50% of primary teacher salary
Are community-based childcare center professionals paid by the government?	No
Are extension health service professionals paid by the government?	Yes
Implementing Widely	Emerging
Scope of Programs	Emerging
	Malawi
Do essential health programs exist in the country to target all beneficiary groups? (Prenatal care; parent education on child health and development; expanded program of immunization; growth monitoring and promotion programs; mosquito bed net distributi	4 essential health interventions
Do essential nutrition programs exist in the country to target all beneficiary groups? (breastfeeding promotion; micronutrient support/food supplementation for pregnant women; complementary feeding for children; feeding in preprimary schools; healthy ea	4 essential nutrition interventions
Do essential education programs exist in the country to target all beneficiary groups? (home visiting to provide parenting messages; early stimulation/care for children below 3; preprimary education for children below 6; teacher training programs)	2-3 education interventions
Do essential child and social protection programs exist in the country to target all beneficiary groups? (Positive parenting education/domestic abuse prevention; programs for OVCs, interventions targeted at children affected by HIV/Aids; anti-poverty (C	2-3 protection interventions
Coverage	Emerging
	Malawi
What is the level of access to essential ECD health interventions for pregnant women?
What is the rate of births attended by skilled attendants?	71% to 89%
What percentage of pregnant women benefits from at least four antenatal visits?	Less than 50 %
What percentage of HIV+ pregnant women and HIV-exposed infants receive ARVs for PMTCT?	80% and above
What is the level of access to essential ECD health interventions for young children?
What percentage of children under five years of age with diarrhea receive oral rehydration and continued feeding?	41% to 84%
What percentage of 1-year-old children is immunized against DPT? (corresponding vaccines: DPT3ß)	91% and above
What percentage of children below five years of age with suspected pneumonia receives antibiotics?	26% to 50%
What percentage of children less than five years of age (in at-risk areas) sleeps under an ITN?	51% to 84%
What is the level of access to essential ECD nutrition interventions for young children and pregnant women?
What is the Vitamin A supplementation coverage rate for children 6-59 months of age?	41% to 70%
What percentage of children is exclusively breastfed below the age of six months?	50% and above
What percentage of the population consumes iodized salt?	90% and above
What percentage of pregnant women have anemia?	40% and above
What is the gross enrollment rate in preprimary education?	35% to 59%
What is birth registration rate? (children below 5 years)	Less than 36%
Equity	Emerging
	Malawi
Is there equity in access to ECCE services at the sub-national level?
What is the ratio of preprimary enrollment at the sub-national level for the regions with the highest and lowest enrollment?	Greater than 1.6
Is there equity in access to ECCE services by gender?
Is there equitable access to preprimary school for boys and girls?	Equal to or less than 1.1
Are ECCE services provided in a way that accommodates children’s special needs and promotes access for all children?
Is there an inclusive education policy to cater to the needs of special needs children within regular ECCE services?	Yes
Is curriculum or teaching materials translated into major language groups?	Yes
Is there equitable access to ECD services between socio-economic levels
What is the ratio of birth registration comparing richest to poorest?	Greater than 3
What is the ratio of skilled attendants at birth comparing richest to poorest?	Greater than 1.1 but less than 1.5
What is the underweight prevalence in children comparing richest to poorest?	Greater than 1.4 but less than 1.9 or 0.8
Is there equitable access to ECD services in rural and urban areas?
What is the ratio of birth registration for urban regions to rural regions?	Greater than 1.6
What is the ratio of urban to rural access to improved sanitation facilities?	Greater than 1.1 but less than 1.3 or 0.9
Monitoring and Assuring Quality	Emerging
Data Availability	Latent
	Malawi
Are relevant administrative and survey data collected on access to ECD?
To what extent are administrative data collected on access to ECD (i.e. number of young children in child welfare system; number of children with special needs who have access to ECD services; number of children who benefit from well-child visits; numb	3 to 4 indicators are collected and available
To what extent are survey data collected on access to ECD and outcomes (i.e. percentage of children who consume iodized salt; level of Vitamin A supplementation among ECD aged children; prevalence of anemia amongst ECD aged children and pregnant women	3 to 4 indicators are collected and available
Are data available to differentiate ECCE access and outcomes for special groups (gender, mother tongue, rural / urban, socio-economic status, special needs)?	Data differentiate access and outcomes for 1 to 2 special groups
Are data collected to measure child development (cognitive, linguistic, physical, and socio-emotional)?	No
Are individual children’s development outcomes tracked?	No
Quality Standards	Emerging
	Malawi
Are clear learning standards established for ECCE?
Do standards for what students should know and learn exist?	Yes
Is there one or more preprimary curricula that have been approved or are available for teachers to use?	No
Is the preprimary curriculum coherent and continuous with the curriculum for primary education?	No
What are the requirements for ECCE professionals and are opportunities for professional development available?
What are the entry requirements to become a preprimary teacher?	Primary school completion or less / no requirements
Is there regular in-service training for ECCE professionals to develop pedagogical and teaching skills?	No
Is there a public authority in charge of regulating pre-service training for ECCE professionals?	Yes
Is some form of pre-service practicum or fieldwork required?	No
Are health workers[11] required to receive training in delivering ECD messages (developmental milestones, childcare, parenting, early stimulation, et)?	2-3 types of health worker
Are there established infrastructure and service delivery standards for ECCE facilities?
Are there established registration and accreditation procedures for both state and non-state ECCE facilities?	Yes
What is the required child-to-teacher ratio?	More than 15:1
What is the required minimum number of hours of preprimary education per week?	Less than 15 hours
Do infrastructure standards exist?	Yes
Are there rigorous registration procedures for health facilities?
Do construction standards exist for all health facilities?	For hospitals, health centers and health posts
Compliance with Standards	Emerging
	Malawi
Do ECCE professionals comply with established pre-service training standards/professional qualifications?	Between 51% and 85% compliance
Are state ECCE facilities required to comply with established service delivery and infrastructure standards and registration and accreditation procedures?
Do average child-to-teacher ratios comply with established standard?	No compliance or unknown
Do preprimary schools comply with the established minimum number of opening hours of preprimary education per week?	Compliance with established standard of less than 15 hours
What percentage of preprimary facilities comply with infrastructure standards?	Less than 60%
Are non-state ECCE facilities required to comply with established service delivery and infrastructure standards and registration and accreditation procedures?
Do average child-to-teacher ratios comply with established standard?	No compliance or unknown
Do preprimary schools comply with the established minimum number of opening hours of preprimary education per week?	Compliance with established standard of less than 15 hours
What percentage of preprimary facilities comply with infrastructure standards?	Less than 60%

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